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Flux supported k3s cluster

This is the repo behind my personal homelab. It was copied from a template by onedr0p when I first stood up my cluster but both have evolved independently over time. The readme below is from original repo and will no longer work to stand up this cluster, but I've left it for now because it's still a useful collection of resources. If you're interested in starting a similar project of your own, I strongly suggest you start with the current version of onedr0p's template here:

https://github.com/onedr0p/cluster-template

👋 Introduction

The following components will be installed in your k3s cluster by default. Most are only included to get a minimum viable cluster up and running.

  • flux - GitOps operator for managing Kubernetes clusters from a Git repository
  • cert-manager - Operator to request SSL certificates and store them as Kubernetes resources
  • external-dns - Operator to publish DNS records to Cloudflare (and other providers) based on Kubernetes ingresses
  • k8s_gateway - DNS resolver that provides local DNS to your Kubernetes ingresses
  • ingress-nginx - Kubernetes ingress controller used for a HTTP reverse proxy of Kubernetes ingresses
  • local-path-provisioner - provision persistent local storage with Kubernetes

Additional applications include hajimari, error-pages, echo-server, system-upgrade-controller, reloader, and kured

📚 Reading material

📂 Repository structure

The Git repository contains the following directories under cluster and are ordered below by how Flux will apply them.

📁 cluster      # k8s cluster defined as code
├─📁 flux       # flux, gitops operator, loaded before everything
├─📁 crds       # custom resources, loaded before 📁 core and 📁 apps
├─📁 charts     # helm repos, loaded before 📁 core and 📁 apps
├─📁 config     # cluster config, loaded before 📁 core and 📁 apps
├─📁 core       # crucial apps, namespaced dir tree, loaded before 📁 apps
└─📁 apps       # regular apps, namespaced dir tree, loaded last

🔐 Setting up Age

📍 Here we will create a Age Private and Public key. Using SOPS with Age allows us to encrypt secrets and use them in Ansible, Terraform and Flux.

  1. Create a Age Private / Public Key

    age-keygen -o age.agekey

  2. Set up the directory for the Age key and move the Age file to it

    mkdir -p ~/.config/sops/age
mv age.agekey ~/.config/sops/age/keys.txt

  3. Export the SOPS_AGE_KEY_FILE variable in your bashrc, zshrc or config.fish and source it, e.g.

    export SOPS_AGE_KEY_FILE=~/.config/sops/age/keys.txt
source ~/.bashrc

  4. Fill out the Age public key in the .config.env under BOOTSTRAP_AGE_PUBLIC_KEY, note the public key should start with age...

☁️ Global Cloudflare API Key

In order to use Terraform and cert-manager with the Cloudflare DNS challenge you will need to create a API key.

  1. Head over to Cloudflare and create a API key by going here.

  2. Under the API Keys section, create a global API Key.

  3. Use the API Key in the configuration section below.

📍 You may wish to update this later on to a Cloudflare API Token which can be scoped to certain resources. I do not recommend using a Cloudflare API Key, however for the purposes of this template it is easier getting started without having to define which scopes and resources are needed. For more information see the Cloudflare docs on API Keys and Tokens.

☁️ Configuring Cloudflare DNS with Terraform

📍 Review the Terraform scripts under ./provision/terraform/cloudflare/ and make sure you understand what it's doing (no really review it).

If your domain already has existing DNS records be sure to export those DNS settings before you continue.

  1. Pull in the Terraform deps

    task terraform:init

  2. Review the changes Terraform will make to your Cloudflare domain

    task terraform:plan

  3. Have Terraform apply your Cloudflare settings

    task terraform:apply

If Terraform was ran successfully you can log into Cloudflare and validate the DNS records are present.

The cluster application external-dns will be managing the rest of the DNS records you will need.

🔹 GitOps with Flux

📍 Here we will be installing flux after some quick bootstrap steps.

  1. Verify Flux can be installed

    task cluster:verify
# ► checking prerequisites
# ✔ kubectl 1.21.5 >=1.18.0-0
# ✔ Kubernetes 1.21.5+k3s1 >=1.16.0-0
# ✔ prerequisites checks passed

  2. Push you changes to git

    📍 Verify all the *.sops.yaml and *.sops.yml files under the ./cluster and ./provision folders are encrypted with SOPS

    git add -A
git commit -m "Initial commit :rocket:"
git push

  3. Install Flux and sync the cluster to the Git repository

    task cluster:install
# namespace/flux-system configured
# customresourcedefinition.apiextensions.k8s.io/alerts.notification.toolkit.fluxcd.io created

  4. Verify Flux components are running in the cluster

    task cluster:pods -- -n flux-system
# NAME                                       READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
# helm-controller-5bbd94c75-89sb4            1/1     Running   0          1h
# kustomize-controller-7b67b6b77d-nqc67      1/1     Running   0          1h
# notification-controller-7c46575844-k4bvr   1/1     Running   0          1h
# source-controller-7d6875bcb4-zqw9f         1/1     Running   0          1h

📣 Post installation

🌐 DNS

📍 The external-dns application created in the networking namespace will handle creating public DNS records. By default, echo-server is the only public domain exposed on your Cloudflare domain. In order to make additional applications public you must set an ingress annotation like in the HelmRelease for echo-server. You do not need to use Terraform to create additional DNS records unless you need a record outside the purposes of your Kubernetes cluster (e.g. setting up MX records).

k8s_gateway is deployed on the IP choosen for ${BOOTSTRAP_METALLB_K8S_GATEWAY_ADDR}. Inorder to test DNS you can point your clients DNS to the ${BOOTSTRAP_METALLB_K8S_GATEWAY_ADDR} IP address and load https://hajimari.${BOOTSTRAP_CLOUDFLARE_DOMAIN} in your browser.

You can also try debugging with the command dig, e.g. dig @${BOOTSTRAP_METALLB_K8S_GATEWAY_ADDR} hajimari.${BOOTSTRAP_CLOUDFLARE_DOMAIN} and you should get a valid answer containing your ${BOOTSTRAP_METALLB_INGRESS_ADDR} IP address.

If your router (or Pi-Hole, Adguard Home or whatever) supports conditional DNS forwarding (also know as split-horizon DNS) you may have DNS requests for ${SECRET_DOMAIN} only point to the ${BOOTSTRAP_METALLB_K8S_GATEWAY_ADDR} IP address. This will ensure only DNS requests for ${SECRET_DOMAIN} will only get routed to your k8s_gateway service thus providing DNS resolution to your cluster applications/ingresses.

To access services from the outside world port forwarded 80 and 443 in your router to the ${BOOTSTRAP_METALLB_INGRESS_ADDR} IP, in a few moments head over to your browser and you should be able to access https://echo-server.${BOOTSTRAP_CLOUDFLARE_DOMAIN} from a device outside your LAN.

Now if nothing is working, that is expected. This is DNS after all!

🔐 SSL

By default in this template Kubernetes ingresses are set to use the Let's Encrypt Staging Environment. This will hopefully reduce issues from ACME on requesting certificates until you are ready to use this in "Production".

Once you have confirmed there are no issues requesting your certificates replace letsencrypt-staging with letsencrypt-production in your ingress annotations for cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer

🤖 Renovatebot

Renovatebot will scan your repository and offer PRs when it finds dependencies out of date. Common dependencies it will discover and update are Flux, Ansible Galaxy Roles, Terraform Providers, Kubernetes Helm Charts, Kubernetes Container Images, Pre-commit hooks updates, and more!

The base Renovate configuration provided in your repository can be view at .github/renovate.json5. If you notice this only runs on weekends and you can change the schedule to anything you want or simply remove it.

To enable Renovate on your repository, click the 'Configure' button over at their Github app page and choose your repository. Over time Renovate will create PRs for out-of-date dependencies it finds. Any merged PRs that are in the cluster directory Flux will deploy.

🪝 Github Webhook

Flux is pull-based by design meaning it will periodically check your git repository for changes, using a webhook you can enable Flux to update your cluster on git push. In order to configure Github to send push events from your repository to the Flux webhook receiver you will need two things:

  1. Webhook URL - Your webhook receiver will be deployed on https://flux-receiver.${BOOTSTRAP_CLOUDFLARE_DOMAIN}/hook/:hookId. In order to find out your hook id you can run the following command:

    kubectl -n flux-system get receiver/github-receiver --kubeconfig=./provision/kubeconfig
# NAME              AGE    READY   STATUS
# github-receiver   6h8m   True    Receiver initialized with URL: /hook/12ebd1e363c641dc3c2e430ecf3cee2b3c7a5ac9e1234506f6f5f3ce1230e123

    So if my domain was onedr0p.com the full url would look like this:

    https://flux-receiver.onedr0p.com/hook/12ebd1e363c641dc3c2e430ecf3cee2b3c7a5ac9e1234506f6f5f3ce1230e123

  2. Webhook secret - Your webhook secret can be found by decrypting the secret.sops.yaml using the following command:

    sops -d ./cluster/apps/flux-system/webhooks/github/secret.sops.yaml | yq .stringData.token

    Note: Don't forget to update the BOOTSTRAP_FLUX_GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET variable in your .config.env file so it matches the generated secret if applicable

Now that you have the webhook url and secret, it's time to set everything up on the Github repository side. Navigate to the settings of your repository on Github, under "Settings/Webhooks" press the "Add webhook" button. Fill in the webhook url and your secret.

💾 Storage

Rancher's local-path-provisioner is a great start for storage but soon you might find you need more features like replicated block storage, or to connect to a NFS/SMB/iSCSI server. Check out the projects below to read up more on some storage solutions that might work for you.

🔏 Authenticate Flux over SSH

Authenticating Flux to your git repository has a couple benefits like using a private git repository and/or using the Flux Image Automation Controllers.

By default this template only works on a public GitHub repository, it is advised to keep your repository public.

The benefits of a public repository include:

  • Debugging or asking for help, you can provide a link to a resource you are having issues with.
  • Adding a topic to your repository of k8s-at-home to be included in the k8s-at-home-search. This search helps people discover different configurations of Helm charts across others Flux based repositories.
Expand to read guide on adding Flux SSH authentication
  1. Generate new SSH key: 
    ssh-keygen -t ecdsa -b 521 -C "github-deploy-key" -f ./cluster/github-deploy-key -q -P ""
  2. Paste public key in the deploy keys section of your repository settings
  3. Create sops secret in cluster/flux/flux-system/github-deploy-key.sops.yaml with the contents of: 
    # yamllint disable
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
    name: github-deploy-key
    namespace: flux-system
stringData:
    # 3a. Contents of github-deploy-key
    identity: |
        -----BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----
            ...
        -----END OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----
    # 3b. Output of curl --silent https://api.github.com/meta | jq --raw-output '"github.com "+.ssh_keys[]'
    known_hosts: |
        github.com ssh-ed25519 ...
        github.com ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 ...
        github.com ssh-rsa ...
  4. Encrypt secret: 
    sops --encrypt --in-place ./cluster/flux/flux-system/github-deploy-key.sops.yaml
  5. Apply secret to cluster: 
    sops --decrypt cluster/flux/flux-system/github-deploy-key.sops.yaml | kubectl apply -f -
  6. Update cluster/flux/flux-system/flux-cluster.yaml: 
    ---
apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2
kind: GitRepository
metadata:
  name: flux-cluster
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  interval: 10m
  # 6a: Change this to your user and repo names
  url: ssh://[email protected]/$user/$repo
  ref:
    branch: main
  secretRef:
    name: github-deploy-key
  7. Commit and push changes
  8. Force flux to reconcile your changes 
    task cluster:reconcile
  9. Verify git repository is now using SSH: 
    task cluster:gitrepositories
  10. Optionally set your repository to Private in your repository settings.

👉 Troubleshooting

Our wiki (WIP, contributions welcome) is a good place to start troubleshooting issues. If that doesn't cover your issue, come join and say Hi in our community Discord.

❔ What's next

The world is your cluster, have at it!

🤝 Thanks

Big shout out to all the authors and contributors to the projects that we are using in this repository.

Community member @Whazor created this website as a creative way to search Helm Releases across GitHub. You may use it as a means to get ideas on how to configure an applications' Helm values.

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