Rollup merge of #143906 - LorrensP-2158466:miri-float-nondet-foreign-items, r=RalfJung

Miri: non-deterministic floating point operations in `foreign_items`

Part of [rust-lang/miri/#3555](rust-lang/miri#3555 (comment)), this pr does the `foreign_items` work.

Some things have changed since rust-lang/rust#138062 and rust-lang/rust#142514. I moved the "helpers" used for creating fixed outputs and clamping operations to their defined ranges to `math.rs`. These are now also extended to handle the floating-point operations in `foreign_items`. Tests in `miri/tests/float.rs` were changed/added.

Failing tests in `std` were extracted, run under miri with `-Zmiri-many-seeds=0..1000` and changed accordingly. Double checked with `-Zmiri-many-seeds`.

I noticed that the C standard doesn't specify the output ranges for all of its mathematical operations; it just specifies them as:
```
Returns
The sinh functions return sinh x.
```
So I used [Wolfram|Alpha](https://www.wolframalpha.com/).

Author: Zalathar