Auto merge of rust-lang#116042 - Nadrieril:linear-pass-take-2, r=<try>

[Experiment] Rewrite exhaustiveness in one pass

Arm reachability checking does a quadratic amount of work: for each arm we check if it is reachable given the arms above it. This feels wasteful since we often end up re-exploring the same cases when we check for exhaustiveness.

This PR is an attempt to check reachability at the same time as exhaustiveness. This opens the door to a bunch of code simplifications I'm very excited about. The main question is whether I can get actual performance gains out of this.

I had started the experiment in rust-lang#111720 but I can't reopen it.

r? `@ghost`

Author: bors